Cervical Spine

Cervical stenosis refers to narrowing of the spinal canal.
Causes neck pain which can radiate to the arms and hands and may also be associated with numbness or weakness of the arms.
This may lead to cervical radiculopathy and cervical myelopathy.

Commonly known as pinched nerve.
It is caused by injury to the root of a spinal nerve and is characterized by neck pain that radiates to the shoulders, arms, and hands.
With normal aging, the spinal discs bulge and lose height. As the disc collapses, the vertebrae (bones in spine) come closer forming bone spurs. Subsequently, the bone new bone formation makes the foramen narrow and pinches the root of the nerve as it exits the spine. When the changes are caused by the ageing process, the condition may be referred to as spondylosis (arthritis).

Commonly called arthritis of the neck, and is due to age-related, wear-and-tear of the disc and facet joints in the neck.
There are two facet joints in the back of the spine between which connect each pair of vertebrae together to provide inherent stability.
Like many joints in the body, they have cartilage and synovium. If they become arthritic, it may cause pain (facet joint syndrome).

Caused by compression of the spinal cord due to age-related, wear-and-tear of the discs and facet joints.
This impedes the signal from the spinal cord to the rest of the body.
Symptoms include neck pain, weakness in the arms and hands, difficulty maintaining balance and coordination.

Fractures of the cervical spine arise from high-energy injuries such as falls, motor vehicle accidents.
In the elderly population with osteoporosis, this may occur with low-energy trauma.

Herniated disc is a relatively common condition that can occur anywhere along the spine, but most often affects the lower back or neck region. Also known as a "slipped disc" or "ruptured disc", a herniated disc develops when one of the cushion-like pads between the vertebrae moves out of position and presses on adjacent nerves.
Herniated discs are typically caused by overuse injuries or trauma to the spine; however, disc conditions can also develop as a result of the normal aging process.

Lumbar radiculopathy is the clinical description of leg pain (sciatica) associated with low back pain.
Radicular pain is often secondary to compression or inflammation of a spinal nerve. When the pain radiates down the back of the leg to the calf or foot, it would in lay terms be described as sciatica. This type of pain is often deep and steady and can usually be reproduced with certain activities and positions, such as sitting or walking.

Stenosis is a medical term used to describe a condition where a normal-size opening has become narrow. Spinal stenosis may affect the cervical (neck), thoracic (chest), or lumbar (lower back) spine.
The area affected most commonly is the lumbar spine followed by the cervical spine.

The word spondylolisthesis derives from two parts: spondylo which means spine, and listhesis, which means slippage.
So, a spondylolisthesis is a forward slip of one vertebra (i.e., one of the 33 bones of the spinal column) relative to another. Spondylolisthesis usually occurs towards the base of your spine in the lumbar area.

Adult scoliosis, also known as degenerative scoliosis, describes a side-to-side curvature of the spine caused by degeneration of the facet joints and intervertebral discs which are the moving parts of the spine. This degeneration and resulting spinal asymmetry can occur slowly over time as a person ages. This is a completely different cause of scoliosis from the standard adolescent onset scoliosis.
If degenerative scoliosis becomes symptomatic, pain can range from a dull back ache to excruciating sensations that shoot down the leg, commonly referred to as sciatica, and make walking difficult or impossible.

Lumbar Spine